Coquina (/koʊˈkiːnə/; Spanish: "cockle") is a sedimentary rock that is composed either wholly or almost entirely of the transported, abraded, and mechanically sorted fragments of the shells of either molluscs, trilobites, brachiopods, or other invertebrates. For a sediment to be considered to be a coquina, the average size of the particles composing it should be 2 mm or greater in size. Coquina can vary in hardness from poorly to moderately-cemented. The term "coquina" is derived from the Spanish word for cockleshells or shellfish.[1][2] Incompletely consolidated and poorly cemented coquinas are considered grainstones in the Dunham classification system for carbonate sedimentary rocks.[3] Well-cemented coquinas are classified as biosparites according to the Folk classification of sedimentary rocks.[4]
Coquinas accumulate in high-energy marine and lacustrine environments where currents and waves result in the vigorous winnowing, abrasion, fracturing, and sorting of the shells, which compose them. As a result, they typically exhibit well-developed bedding or cross-bedding, close packing, and good orientation of the shell fragments composing them. The high-energy marine or lacustrine associated with coquinas include beaches, shallow submarine raised banks, swift tidal channels, and barrier bars.[4][5]
Coquinas accumulate in high-energy marine and lacustrine environments where currents and waves result in the vigorous winnowing, abrasion, fracturing, and sorting of the shells, which compose them. As a result, they typically exhibit well-developed bedding or cross-bedding, close packing, and good orientation of the shell fragments composing them. The high-energy marine or lacustrine associated with coquinas include beaches, shallow submarine raised banks, swift tidal channels, and barrier bars.[4][5]
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